Gainesville was founded to place the Alachua County seat on the proposed route of the
Florida Railroad Company's line stretching from
Cedar Key to
Fernandina Beach. County residents decided to move the county seat from
Newnansville
(and chose the name Gainesville) in 1853, as the proposed railroad
would bypass Newnansville. A site on Black Oak Ridge where the railroad
was expected to cross it was selected in 1854. It is generally accepted
that the new settlement was named for General
Edmund P. Gaines,
[35] commander of
U.S. Army troops in Florida early in the
Second Seminole War. The railroad was completed from Fernandina to Gainesville in 1859, passing six blocks south of the courthouse.
[36][37]
It is claimed that Gainesville was originally named Hogtown; however,
Hogtown
was actually an early 19th-century settlement in and around what is now
Westside Park (in the northeast corner of the intersection of NW 8th
Avenue and 34th Street) where a
historical marker[38][39][40] notes Hogtown's location at that site. Hogtown is the eponymous village of the adjacent
Hogtown Creek, which flows 5.7 miles (9.2 km) through Gainesville.
[41] Hogtown continued to exist until after Gainesville was founded, as evidenced on a map showing both towns,
[42]
which was published in 1864 based on surveys from 1855. Two residents
of Hogtown played a prominent role in establishing Gainesville. William
Lewis, who owned a plantation in Hogtown, delivered 20 votes pledged to
him to create a new town on the expected route of the railroad, in an
attempt to have the new town named Lewisville. Tillman Ingram, who also
owned a plantation and a sawmill in Hogtown, helped swing the vote to
move the county seat to the new town by offering to build a new
courthouse at a low price. Residents of Newnansville, disgruntled at
losing the county seat, called the site chosen for the new town "Hog
Wallow", because of its location between Hogtown and
Paynes Prairie. The former site of Hogtown was annexed by the City of Gainesville in 1961.
[43][44][45]
A town site of 103.25 acres (41.78 ha) was purchased for $642.51. The
County Commission ordered the public sale of lots in the town site in
1854, but no deeds were recorded until 1856. A courthouse was
constructed in Gainesville in 1856, and the county seat was then
officially moved from Newnansville. A jail was built in 1857, and a well
was dug and a pump for public use installed the same year. Property
values rose quickly. A city block on the edge of town purchased for
$14.57 in 1857 sold for $100 in 1858. The railroad from Fernandina
reached Gainesville in 1859, and connected to Cedar Key the next year.
By that time, there were eight or nine stores and three hotels
surrounding the courthouse square.
[46]
Secession and the Civil War
Confederate statue in downtown Gainesville
In the 1850s
secessionist sentiment was strong in Gainesville. Half of the
white residents in Gainesville had been born in
South Carolina
(where secessionist sentiments were very strong), or had parents who
had been born in that state. Aside from a few foreign-born residents,
the other whites in town had also been born in Florida or other
Southern states. Another factor was fear of
blacks. Blacks, mostly slaves, were a majority of the population in Alachua County (although there were few in Gainesville itself).
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 frightened the whites in Gainesville, leading them to organize a
militia company called the Gainesville Minutemen.
[47]
The Gainesville Minute Men were incorporated into the First Florida Regiment soon after Florida seceded from the
Union. Several more companies were recruited in Gainesville and Alachua County during the
Civil War. During the war Gainesville served as a depot for food requisitioned by the
Confederate
government from the surrounding area. A small post on the east side of
Gainesville called Fort Lee was an induction point for men entering the
Confederate States Army.
[48]
Fighting on a small scale reached Gainesville twice. On February 15, 1864, a small
Union
raiding party occupied Gainesville. Elements of the Second Florida
Cavalry attempted to drive the Union force from the town but were
defeated in a street battle. The raiding party was associated with a
larger Union invasion of Florida that was defeated at the
Battle of Olustee
five days later. The Union troops did not seize or destroy any property
on this raid, but did distribute food stores to the residents, who were
suffering from shortages.
[49]
Six months later, early in the morning of August 17, 1864, 265 Union
troops and 15 "loyal Floridians" reached Gainesville. The troops stopped
just east of town to prepare breakfast and care for their horses. A
small home guard of 30 to 40 old men and boys attacked the Union camp,
and were easily driven off. The Union troops then broke ranks and
started looting the town. While the Union troops were scattered
throughout the town a large number of Confederate troops were spotted
approaching. The Union troops resisted the Confederate advance for an
hour and a half, but were finally driven from Gainesville with heavy
casualties.
[50]
After the Civil War
For several months following the Civil War, the 3rd
United States Colored Troops were stationed in Gainesville, which encouraged
freed men to settle there. At the same time black farm laborers were recruited from
Georgia and
South Carolina
to help harvest what was expected to be a very large cotton crop, but
heavy rain ruined the cotton, and the recently arrived blacks were left
without work. Black residents soon outnumbered whites in Gainesville,
which had had 223 white residents in 1860. Vagrancy and theft became
major problems in Gainesville, and large numbers of blacks were arrested
by federal troops.
[51][52]
White residents resumed political life in Florida immediately after
the end of the Civil War. Gainesville incorporated as a city in 1866,
but the city government was weak and the council did not maintain a
regular schedule of meetings. With military control asserted over
Florida in 1867 as part of
Reconstruction, the reconstituted Florida legislature required all cities to re-incorporate, and Gainesville did so in 1869.
[53]
During Reconstruction Gainesville blacks were elected to a number of
state and local offices. Blacks had largely been disenfranchised by the
1890s, however.
[54]
Downtown Gainesville on Alachua Avenue (now University Avenue) circa 1882
Following the Civil War, the city prospered as an important cotton shipping facility. Florida produced more
Sea Island Cotton
in the 1880s than any other state, and Gainesville was the leading
shipping point for cotton in Florida. Two more railroads had reached
Gainesville by the 1880s, and
citrus and vegetables had become important local crops.
[55] However, the citrus industry ended when the
great freezes of 1894−95 and 1899 destroyed the crops, and citrus growing was largely abandoned in the area.
Phosphate
mining and lumbering became important parts of the local economy. A
manufacturing area grew up south of downtown, near the railroads.
[56][57]
The first school for blacks in Gainesville, the Union Academy, was established in 1866 by the
Freedmen's Bureau
to educate freed slaves. White residents of Gainesville were opposed to
education for blacks and treated the teachers at the school badly,
including incidents of boys throwing "missiles" into the classrooms. By
1898 the school served 500 students, and it continued in operation until
1929.
[58][59] White students had only private schools available before 1869, including the East Florida Seminary, which moved from
Ocala
in 1866 and merged with the Gainesville Academy (founded in 1856). Even
after a public school system had been established in Alachua County,
most white children who went to school did so at private schools, and
the Union Academy was in session for a larger part of the year, and its
teachers were better paid, than was the case for the public schools.
Public education remained underfunded into the 1880s, classes having to
meet in abandoned houses or rented rooms. The school year for public
schools was as short as three months for some years. The first public
school building was built in 1885. The Gainesville Graded and High
School, with twelve classrooms and an auditorium, opened in 1900, and
most of the private schools closed soon after. The county school board
also provided some funds for upkeep of the Union Academy.
[60][61]
There was no dedicated church building in Gainesville in the first years of its existence. A church built in 1859 by the
Presbyterians was shared by itinerant preachers of several denominations until 1874. The
Methodist
mission to Gainesville lapsed during the Civil War, and a church they
had built was used by a black congregation after the war. Several white
Protestant denominations organized congregations and built churches in the 1870s.
Catholics, who had been holding services in private homes for 25 years, built a church in 1887.
[62][63][64] Jewish families began moving to Gainesville in the late 1860s. Although a Jewish cemetery was established in 1872, there was no
synagogue in Gainesville until 1924.
[65]
Gainesville was a rough town after the Civil War and into the early
20th century. Whites and blacks commonly carried firearms, and gunshots
were often heard at night. Killings and serious injuries were frequent.
Some of the violence was racial. Young Mens Democratic Clubs (usually a
cover name for the
Ku Klux Klan),
formed in the late 1860s to fight political domination by Republican
northerners and blacks, reportedly burned the homes of many Republicans
and killed nineteen people, including five blacks. A black man was taken
from the jail and lynched in 1871. In 1891 a black man and a white man,
members of a dreaded gang, were also taken from the jail and lynched.
Later that year a black man accused of giving shelter to
Harmon Murray,
another member of that gang, was also taken from the jail and lynched.
The city had only a single police officer until well into the 20th
century, which was inadequate to deal with the violence. A posse
authorized by the city council also did little to stem the violence.
Punishments for crime included public executions, the
pillory,
lashes and fines.
[65][66][67][68]
A volunteer fire department was organized in 1882, but was unable to
stop several fires in 1884 that burned most of the wooden buildings in
downtown Gainesville. The burned buildings were replaced with brick
structures. A brick courthouse replaced the old wooden one in 1885.
Public utilities were gradually installed in the city late in the 19th
century; gas in 1887, water in 1891, and telephones and electricity
later in the 1890s. By 1900 Gainesville was the seventh largest city in
Florida, with over 3,600 residents.
[69]
The
Republican Party remained strong in Gainesville even after the end of Reconstruction in 1876 because of the large number of blacks and
Northern
whites who had moved there after the Civil War. Some Southerners had
also joined the Republican Party. Alachua County was one of the few
counties in Florida that was won by the Republican Party in the
election of 1880.
In the 1880s Republicans and Democrats reached an accommodation. In the
election of 1883 most city races were won by wide majorities, with both
Republicans and Democrats, white and blacks, being elected. There was
tension within the Republican Party between blacks and Northern whites,
however. By 1885 the arrival of whites from northern states and the
departure of blacks gave Gainesville a white majority. The imposition by
the Florida Legislature in 1889 of a
poll tax and a
de facto literacy test
in the form of separate ballot boxes for each office, which required
voters to be able to read labels on the boxes to vote correctly,
effectively disenfranchised most blacks. Some blacks switched to the
Democratic Party, further weakening the Republicans, and the Republican
Party ceased to be a factor in Gainesville politics in the 1890s.
[70][71]
20th century
Major change came to Gainesville early in the 20th century. Citizens
felt that the city did not have sufficient resources and powers to
provide the services demanded in a growing city. The state legislature
was asked to grant Gainesville a new charter, and in 1905 it did so,
also enlarging the city limits. The city offered its first
bond issue
the same year. Money from bond issues was used to start a sewer system
and pave important streets, initially with crushed rock, and after 1910,
with bricks. When private companies were unable to provide adequate
electric service to Gainesville, the city built a generating plant,
which became operational in 1914.
[72]
Another development in 1905 had a significant impact on the future of Gainesville. At the time, Florida was funding eight
post-secondary schools.
Concerned about rising requests for funding and duplication of course
offerings, the state legislature passed the Buckman Act, consolidating
the eight institutions into four segregated schools, including, for
white men, the
University of the State of Florida (renamed University of Florida in 1909).
[73] Gainesville competed for the university, with
Lake City
as its principal rival. Gainesville offered free water for the school
from the city system, 500 acres (200 ha) west of the city, purchase of
the East Florida Seminary site from the state for $30,000, and $40,000
cash. The fact that Alachua was a
dry county,
banning the sale of all alcohol other than low-alcohol beer, was viewed
as a factor in favor of Gainesville. The state selected Gainesville,
causing the biggest celebration in the history of the city.
[74]
The university opened with 136 students in the fall of 1906. For the
first decade of the school's existence it was in a rural setting,
connected to downtown Gainesville by a single crushed rock road. The
school had to close its gates at night to keep wandering cows out.
[75]
Buildings at the university were originally built with state funds, but
in 1919 the city contributed $1,000 for a new gymnasium to help bring
the
New York Giants to town for
spring training.
As the university grew, commercial establishments spread westward along
University Avenue and new subdivisions were developed near the campus.
[76][77]
Boulware Springs Waterworks
The city experienced growing pains in the first decades of the century. The city's only water supply had been
Boulware Springs
for many years, but the limits of its supply had been reached, and the
city could no longer connect new subdivisions to city utilities. A bond
issue was required to drill a well and build a water tower. A fire house
was built in 1903, and the fire department was modernized, replacing
its last horses with motorized equipment in 1913. However, the
department remained a volunteer organization until the 1920s.
[78]
Gainesville's economy was still dominated by agriculture. Gainesville
was a major shipping point for cotton until the industry was devastated
by the
boll weevil infestation in 1916-18, after which cotton was abandoned as a crop in the area.
Truck farming
had become important in north central Florida, with large shipments of
vegetables and melons from Gainesville to markets in the northern US.
Phosphate mining continued to be important, although starting to
decline, and industries such as processing
naval stores
and making fertilizer thrived in Gainesville. World War I severely
affected the economy in Gainesville. Markets in Europe, in particular
Germany, were cut off by the war, and phosphate mining and the naval
stores industry went into a slump, aggravated by the loss of cotton
processing and shipping.
[79]
Boom and bust
Gainesville participated in the national economic boom that followed
the end of World War I. In 1925, Gainesville was swept up by the
land boom that had started in
Miami Beach earlier in the year. New subdivisions were platted and auctioned,
binders on property were sold and resold with ever increasing prices, and almost 100
real estate brokers and agents
were registered in Gainesville on the first day licenses were required.
Plans were floated to build a modern first-class hotel in Gainesville.
After a false start in which the financing plans fell through, a
developer from southern Florida who had become heavily involved in the
real estate market in Gainesville, W. McKey Kelly, put forward plans for
a ten-story, 120-room hotel. Construction on the Hotel Kelly, also
known as the Dixie Hotel, started in 1926, but Kelly ran out of money
before construction was completed, and the collapse of the land boom
doomed the project. The unfinished hotel sat empty for more than a
decade until a federal grant and private donation allowed its completion
as the
Seagle Building.
[80]
Glen Springs hosted the first concrete swimming pool in Gainesville in the mid-1920s. It was a popular recreation site for over 40 years.
[81]
Changes in city government occurred in the 1920s. The city changed its charter to add a
city manager.
The police force was increased from three men to nine, and a desk
sergeant was available to answer a telephone 24 hours a day. A county
hospital opened in Gainesville in 1928. More streets were paved, using
asphalt rather than bricks. Increasing demand for electricity led the city commission to consider contracting with
Florida Power and Light
rather than issuing bonds to expand the city generating capacity, but
voters passed an amendment to the city charter forbidding any such deal.
With a booming population, schools had become overcrowded.
Gainesville High School
was opened in 1926 and expanded two years later. The old Gainesville
Graded and High School became an elementary school. Lincoln School,
offering 12 grades for blacks, opened in 1923. It was the first public
high school for blacks in Gainesville.
[82]
The
Ku Klux Klan
became active in Gainesville in the early 1920s. As elsewhere, it was
anti-black, anti-semitic, and anti-Catholic, and professed to uphold
morality. In an early incident, a worker was kidnapped from his job late
at night and beaten severely for neglecting his wife and children. A
police officer had tried to intervene, but retreated when guns were
drawn. City officials condoned the incident. Former mayor
William Reuben Thomas
condemned the event and called for the mayor and police chief, who
apparently were members of the Klan, to step down, to no avail. The Klan
also objected to a Catholic priest who had organized a drama club at
the University, and in 1923 Catholic priests were officially banned from
all state college campuses. The next year three men in full Klan
regalia kidnapped the priest from his rectory, beat him severely, and
castrated him. The priest and another witness identified two of the
kidnappers as the mayor and police chief of Gainesville, but there was
no publicity and no investigation of the incident. In the 1930s the Klan
took credit for burning down the houses of prostitution on North Main
Street, ostensibly to protect the morals of the students at the
University.
[83][84]
The collapse of the land boom in 1925–1926 had not been as severe in
Gainesville as in southern Florida, but did cool off the local economy.
As a result, the
Wall Street Crash of 1929 was not felt as strongly as in many other places. The city of Gainesville remained solvent throughout the
Great Depression, and unemployment was lower than in most of the country. Agriculture continued to be a mainstay of the local economy. In 1922
tung trees were planted in Alachua County, and Gainesville became the center of
tung oil
production in the United States. Tung oil had previously been available
only from China. Both tung oil and tung tree seeds were shipped around
the world from Gainesville. The University of Florida, with about 1,000
employees and 2,000 students, helped stabilize the local economy during
the Depression. In the middle and late 1930s various
New Deal
programs brought money and employment to Gainesville. Utility lines
were extended, streets paved and sidewalks installed. The Seagle
Building was completed and occupied by the University of Florida. An
airport, Gainesville's first, was built.
[85]
